Tetralogy of Fallot⚡Mnemonic⚡ : 100% Chance You Won’t Forget !

Causes of Tetralogy of Fallot: Mnemonic: “PANDA”

P: Prenatal factors (like maternal diabetes)

A: Abnormal chromosome 22 (DiGeorge syndrome)

N: Non-genetic environmental factors

D: Developmental errors during heart formation

A: Altered genetic expression (like NKX2-5 mutation)

Triggers for Tetralogy of Fallot: Mnemonic: “STARS”

S: Stress

T: Tachycardia (rapid heart rate)

A: Anemia

R: Respiratory infections

S: Strenuous exercise

Risk Factors For Tetralogy of Fallot: Mnemonic: “BEACH”

B: Birth defects in family history

E: Ethanol (alcohol) exposure during pregnancy

A: Advanced maternal age

C: Chromosomal disorders

H: History of rubella or other viral illnesses in mother

Warning Signs of Tetralogy of Fallot: Mnemonic: “CYAN”

C: Cyanosis (blue skin discoloration)

Y: Yawning frequently due to low oxygen

A: Abnormal heart sounds (murmurs)

N: Not growing well (failure to thrive)

Predisposing Factors of Tetralogy of Fallot: Mnemonic: “MOTHER”

M: Maternal diabetes

O: Older paternal age

T: Twin pregnancy

H: History of miscarriages

E: Exposure to certain medications during pregnancy

R: Radiation exposure

Signs & Symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot: Mnemonic: “BLUE”

B: Blue-tinted lips and skin

L: Lethargy

U: Unusual breathing patterns

E: Episodes of fainting

Characteristic Findings In Tetralogy of Fallot: Mnemonic: “HEART”

H: Hypercyanotic spells

E: Echocardiogram abnormalities

A: Aortic override

R: Right ventricular hypertrophy

T: Tet spells (sudden cyanosis and difficulty breathing)

What Should Be Avoided In Tetralogy of Fallot: Mnemonic: “DANGER”

D: Dehydration

A: Alcohol (in pregnancy)

N: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

G: Glucocorticoids (in pregnancy)

E: Excessive physical strain

R: Radiation exposure

Drugs Used To Treat Tetralogy of Fallot: Mnemonic: “DOCTOR”

D: Diuretics

O: Oxygen therapy

C: Cardiac glycosides

T: Tetracycline (for associated infections)

O: Omega-3 supplements (for heart health)

R: Repair surgery (not a drug but a treatment)

Drugs To Avoid In Tetralogy of Fallot: Mnemonic: “HARM”

H: Herbal supplements (unregulated ones)

A: Aspirin (and other NSAIDs)

R: Retinoids

M: Methotrexate

Radiological Features of Tetralogy of Fallot: Mnemonic: “X-RAY”

X: X-shaped heart on X-ray (due to right ventricular enlargement)

R: Right aortic arch in some cases

A: Abnormal pulmonary artery size

Y: Y-like appearance of the enlarged right ventricle

Diagnostic Tests for Tetralogy of Fallot: Mnemonic: “TEST”

T: Transesophageal echocardiogram

E: ECG (Electrocardiogram)

S: Stress tests (like exercise stress test)

T: Thoracic CT scan

Laboratory Findings In Tetralogy of Fallot: Mnemonic: “LAB”

L: Low oxygen saturation

A: Abnormally high hemoglobin (due to chronic low oxygen)

B: Blood tests indicating heart stress markers

Clinical Features of Tetralogy of Fallot: Mnemonic: “CLINIC”

C: Clubbing of fingers and toes

L: Low tolerance for exercise

I: Intermittent dyspnea (difficulty in breathing)

N: Nail bed cyanosis

I: Increased heart rate

C: Chest pain

Complications of Tetralogy of Fallot: Mnemonic: “COMPLEX”

C: Congestive heart failure

O: Oxygen deprivation effects

M: Mental development issues

P: Pulmonary regurgitation

L: Life-threatening arrhythmias

E: Endocarditis

X: Xtra cardiac workload

Differential Diagnosis of Tetralogy of Fallot: Mnemonic: “DIFFER”

D: Ductus arteriosus, patent

I: Interrupted aortic arch

F: Fallot’s pentalogy

F: Functional heart murmurs

E: Eisenmenger syndrome

R: Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction